The detailed nature of these interactions and how they are dynamically regulated to initiate and propagate receptor-mediated cell signaling are challenging questions for further investigation.
In gram-negative bacteria, the assembly of type IV pilus (T4P) and the evolutionally related pseudopilus of type II secretion system involves specialized structural proteins called pilins and pseudopilins, respectively, and is dynamically regulated to promote bacterial pathogenesis.
Normally, mitochondrial biogenesis and function are dynamically regulated to adapt to the energetic and metabolic demands in response to physiological signals.
With the discovery of histone demethylases over a decade ago, it is now clear that histone methylation is dynamically regulated to shape the epigenome and regulate important nuclear processes including transcription, cell cycle control and DNA repair.
E-cadherin is a homotypic cell-cell adhesion receptor that forms adherens junctions in epithelial cells and its localization to cell-cell contacts is dynamically regulated to control epithelial integrity during development and cancer progression [ 18].
Mcl-1 is a protein with a relatively short half-life and has been shown to be dynamically regulated at the level of transcription by STAT3/STAT5 signaling [ 22] and at the post-translational level by phosphorylation and polyubiquitination [ 23, 24] to signal destruction by the proteasome.
Our microarray studies (with Affymetrix rat genome 230 2.0 arrays) of the effects of ET-1 on cardiac myocyte gene expression over 4 h [25] identified Klfs as a family of transcription factors which appeared to be dynamically regulated at the mRNA level.
The same principle is true for histone-modifications that can be dynamically regulated in response to environmental stimuli, and changes in histone-modifications have been linked to the transmission of phenotypes across generations.
In addition, APA can be dynamically regulated in response to extracellular signals, for example activation of neuronal cells [29].
There is convergent evidence from several sources that the expression of Plxdc2 may be dynamically regulated in response to cellular stresses or in unusual cellular contexts, including cancer.
