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Many of these must be due to mutation independently generating the same polymorphism in both species, but they could also be ancestral polymorphisms, maintained either by balancing selection22,23 or by chance (the latter is possible only if divergence times were more recent than estimated; see Online Methods).
However some of the substitutions in the recombinant segments will be due to mutation after the recombination event.
Since primary-structural patterns in non-coding DNA are likely to be due to mutation pressure and genetic drift, we plot coding-region di- and tri-nucleotide occurrences and preferences against those in intronic and non-genic DNA (Figure 20 and Figure 21).
Thus the lethality and blue phenotype appear to be due to mutation of the same gene.
These results suggest that intrinsic resistance to antibiotics in non-ESBL-producing isolates may be due to mutation(s) in the genome involved in antibiotic susceptibility, resulting in high MIC values.
Bacteriophage Sf101 being similar to Sf6 might also require presence of secondary receptors for infection, and the difference in the plating efficiencies observed might be due to mutation in the secondary receptors of these strains.
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In other words, although mutations of small effect are more common, the actual establishment of adaptive changes will often be due to mutations of medium to large effect, especially on arrival in a tough new place.
Holoprosencephaly (HPE), the most common malformation of the human forebrain, may be due to mutations in genes associated with non-syndromic HPE.
The most common underlying genetic defect in Frank-Ter Haar syndrome appears to be due to mutations in the SH3PXD2B gene on chromosome 5q35.1.
The causes are hereditary and usually biparental, but they may occasionally be due to mutations on the X-chromosome or in the mitochondrial DNA.
These data are in stark contrast with the linkage data, which suggests that 40% of inherited cases would be due to mutations in this gene.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com