"The higher levels of borrowing have been driven by weak growth in tax receipts – in particular, receipts of income tax, capital gains tax and National Insurance contributions.
The institute says the UK economy has been stagnant for almost a year and will stay so in the first half of 2012: "Recent poor performance has been driven by weak domestic demand, rather than developments in the euro area; but, going forward, these too will cut economic growth".
At first this was driven by weak currencies and strong exports.
When a bistable energy harvester (BEH) is driven by weak random excitation, its harvesting efficiency will decrease due to the seldom occurrence of interwell motion.
Others are worried about the market's disconnect with the slowing economy, gas prices above $3 and earnings quality (earnings in large-cap companies being driven by weak dollar and strong overseas growth rather than organic top-line growth).
In a DCB/ACN solvent mixture, the self-assembling process is driven by weak van der Waals type forces and resembles a precipitation, yielding C60 clusters of different size.
This has been driven by weak demand in many countries due to insipid economic growth, coupled with surging US production, and a break from past behaviour by oil exporting nations, by keeping production up rather than cutting it to maintain the price.
"How much of this reduction has been driven by weaker demand for loans from small businesses, how much by a deterioration in the financial condition of small businesses during the economic downturn, and how much by restricted credit availability?" Mr. Bernanke asked.
Specifically, sweeps that start during the expansion have a higher probability of producing soft sweeps when they are driven by weaker selection than when they are driven by stronger selection.
Theoretically, such a morphological and height change of a polymer brush can be driven by its weak attractive interactions with multiple nanoparticles.
