This means that differences in educational outcomes between returnees and stayees could be driven by pre-conflict characteristics.
This could be useful in the school setting, for instance, where contextual effects could be driven by the average characteristics of all students in the school, while endogenous effects by the outcomes of a subset of students who are friends.
Nonetheless, there is the possibility that our findings could be driven by other unexplored characteristics specifically associated with stepfather households.
Moreover, tropism could be driven by the tissue characteristics of the small intestine (e.g. long microvilli and the composition of the mucus layer, which might provide nonspecific protection).
The researchers speculated that this might be driven by the particular personal characteristics of those who tend to form these unusual partnerships.
In summary, our study suggests that the association between maternal pregnancy diabetes and lower offspring cognitive ability is likely to be driven by common shared familial characteristics and not by an intrauterine mechanism.
The present study found evidence that area cesarean section rates may be driven by population and market characteristics such as educational attainment, area inequality, hospital competition, hospital capacity, and physician supply.
Therefore, balancing efficacy and toxicity is a major challenge, and the optimal choice of chemotherapy must be driven by patient and disease characteristics such as menopausal status, oestrogen and progesterone receptor status, Her-2 neu expression (Gralow, 2005), and tumour characteristics such as p53 gene involved in tumour response to therapy (Vogelstein et al, 2000).
The decision to enter the labor market in a certain year may be driven by an unobserved individual characteristic that drives also the exit decision, thus inducing a spurious correlation between our measure of technical change and early retirement.
