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By applying multiple baselines of varying length, observed effects of the treatment can be distinguished from effects due to chance, 12 16 17 thus increasing internal validity.
The ORT provides measures of exploration, habituation, and discrimination, i.e., non-cognitive effects of experimental manipulations can be distinguished from effects on memory performance (Sik et al. 2003).
One advantage of the quantitative analysis used in the present experiment is that it allows the effects of an intervention on incentive value (represented by a) to be distinguished from effects on motor performance (represented by δ).
Psychoactive effects, including sedation, psychomotor slowing, activation, and altered sense perception, could have an effect on the symptoms of distress in countless disorders and be distinguished from effects associated with inert placebo.
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It must be taken into account that analysis results specific for these two subgroups could not be distinguished from centre effects and the effects found should be regarded in that perspective.
From this viewpoint, the therapeutic actions of drugs (their actions on disease processes) can be distinguished from other effects, accordingly termed side effects.
10, 11, 18 However, the IPW techniques have a number of limitations, especially when evaluating covariate effects, as the effects on cost accumulation cannot be distinguished from the effects on survival.
Because cytotoxic effects could not be distinguished from antiandrogenic effects in the coexposed treatments, any readings of the pesticide statistically significantly below the mean ethanol control level (0%) were considered toxic to MDA-kb2 cells, and the corresponding coexposure data were not classified as antiandrogenic.
In these cases, the experimental design is confounded, and the effects of crowding cannot be distinguished from the effects of introducing the additional flankers.
Therefore, the normative effects of group majorities cannot be distinguished from the effects of individual subjects.
In addition, it will be important to establish whether the effects we report here can be distinguished from the effects of visual task difficulty.
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