In short introns of D. melanogaster, deletions are disfavored by selection because there is a lower limit on the intron length (Andolfatto 2005; Presgraves 2006; Wang and Yu 2011).
Fortunately, if the introduction represents a small percentage of the total population size, then presumably the desirable genes will spread quickly since they are favored by selection, while the maladapted genes of the introduced individuals will be eliminated because they are disfavored by selection.
Alternatively, binding of F− to the iron at the correct site might be disfavored by the high cost of desolvation of the fluoride.
Because mutations that disrupt function are disfavored by natural selection, purifying selection leaves a detectable signature within functional elements; accordingly, this signal has been exploited for over a decade through the use of genomic comparisons of distantly related species.
Previous research suggests that intermediate phenotypes are disfavored by disruptive selection in this system [ 18, 21, 46].
The θ(13) = 0 hypothesis is disfavored by the MINOS data at the 89% confidence level.
Most scientists think that harmful mutations are disfavored by evolution, but Rine pointed out that this applies only to mutations that affect reproductive fitness.
The hypothesis of no tau neutrino appearance is disfavored by 2.4 sigma.
There is some controversy about the existence of the S6 polyspecies, which is disfavored by Giggenbach but used in one of the models developed by Teder.
Some of the more natural explanations, such as massively ringed planets, protoplanetary disks, disintegrating comets or massive planetary collisions, have been disfavored by various observations.
