As mentioned earlier, discrimination can be difficult to measure due to differing perceptions, measurement approaches, unwillingness to publicly acknowledge or report it, and lack of information substantiating it.
But like any form of deterrence, it can be difficult to measure how much is saved from preventing misconduct.
The effect of a drug on survival can be difficult to measure because patients take other drugs after the trial is over.
Late on a Friday night it would be difficult to measure the amount of copper in her blood — his hospital laboratory didn't even do that test.
It may be difficult to measure this visually, but I do not believe it is invisible, although I'm happy to be proven wrong.
She says it can be difficult to measure how well they are prepared academically because it is hard to benchmark the qualifications they have against A-levels.
While innovation may be difficult to measure, football department spending is not, and that is one area where Hawthorn comfortably sits among the game's elite.
Other positive effects may be difficult to measure.
Variations in implementation can be difficult to measure and predict.
Mood may be difficult to measure, but strength is easily quantified.
The trouble with most of them is that success would be difficult to measure.
