Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the potential to be differentiated to most if not all cell types (pluripotent), whereas more differentiated stem cells, such as those in the skin, have a more restricted differentiation potential (multipotent or unipotent) (Collas et al., 2007).
For spontaneous undirected differentiation, hiPSCs were differentiated to form progeny of all three germ layers by forming EBs in FBS-containing medium: IMDM/Glutamax, 10% FBS (both Invitrogen).
The Mb samples were derived from biopsies, and aliquots were differentiated to Mt. Importantly, all had been characterized immunocytochemically as previously described [ 11].
All isolates were differentiated to the level of species by routine differentiation methods.
Sinularia soft corals were differentiated into morphospecies based on growth form; all other anthozoans and sponges were differentiated to species.
If (as seems the case) Socrates is never satisfied with a definition of a virtue, this may be because the virtues cannot be differentiated at all.
Human PSCs with high novelty scores are typically either difficult to maintain and expand in culture (because they differentiate spontaneously at a high rate), or cannot be consistently differentiated to all three germ layers.
Human embryonic stem cells (h-ESCs) can be expanded and differentiated to all cell types including insulin-producing cells (IPCs) [ 3– 5].
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), cell lines with infinite ability to proliferate and to be differentiated into all cell types of the adult body, are important research tools for investigation of differentiation and meanwhile good models for developmental research.
Moreover, we observed that all clones were karyotypically normal and differentiated to all three germ layers in vivo in teratoma assays, following kidney capsule injection into SCID mice (Supplementary Material, Fig. S3G and H).
