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Chronic Q fever can be diagnosed by detection of high anti-phase I IgG antibody titers by IFA, complement fixation, or enzyme immunoassay (19 ).
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Chronic phase infections are diagnosed by detection of T. cruzi-specific antibodies.
Pulmonary paragonimiasis was diagnosed by detection of parasite ova in sputum and/or stools.
The viral infection is diagnosed by detection of anti-HCV antibodies and HCV RNA in the patient's sera.
Q fever is diagnosed by detection of antibodies against two antigenic variations of the C. burnetii lipopolysaccharide.
However, these cases were diagnosed by detection of only serum antibodies against B. burgdorferi by ELISA without confirmation by Western blotting.
Also in 2011, for surveillance of Legionella infections, 95% of cases were diagnosed by detection of urine antigen for L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (http://www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/survreports/leg12.pdf).
Maternal PARV4 infections were diagnosed by detection of PARV4 DNA in all 5 mothers; 4 of whom had IgM against PARV4.
In contrast, HEV infection was diagnosed by detection of anti-HEV immunoglobulin (Ig) M (cutoff optical density ratio >10; threshold value 1 [Adaltis, Rome, Italy]) and by detection of HEV RNA in serum (5 ).
From 1998 to 2001, a total of 219 cases of invasive H. influenzae disease were reported; 165 were diagnosed by isolation of H. influenzae from a normally sterile site, and 54 were diagnosed by detection of Hib antigen in cerebrospinal fluid.
PC can be diagnosed by the detection of methylated GSTP1 DNA (mGSTP1) in urine and semen samples (Bryzgunova et al, 2008).
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