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Cluster ion beams could be employed to erode material from the sample in a highly controlled fashion, allowing molecular composition to be determined in depth with a resolution of less than 20 nm.
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The structural features and optical properties of the nanoparticles were determined in depth with X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscope, N2 adsorption desorption technique, dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV vis absorption spectroscopy, and Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
A non-linear distribution of monoclinic volume fraction is determined in depth by using different pinhole sizes.
The f min is determined in consideration of the depth of underground velocity structures from surface to bottom, e.g, it may be not deep enough to explain peak at low frequency or long period.
Free parameters can be determined using initial or boundary conditions and the soil water content at any given time and depth is determined in a semi-infinite and unsaturated porous medium.
After fixation (2.5% glutaraldehyde in PBS), the number of invaded cells and their invasion depth were determined in 12 randomly selected fields of view.
After fixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution, the number of invaded tumor cells and their invasion depth were determined in 12 randomly selected fields of view.
Indentation fracture toughness has been determined in the coatings by means of depth sensing indentation.
The depth of myometrial invasion was determined in the washout period.
Stratification width and depth of dendrites in the IPL were determined in the retinal cross-sections (optical section; 3 µm).
Moreover, immunohistochemical staining experiments were conducted to determine in-depth relationship between NF-κB1 expression and SNP site rs4648068.
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