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During the heating, the temperature-induced change in resistance can be determined by imposing a defined current and measuring the voltage drop over the heater.
The initial approximations can be freely chosen with possible unknown constants which can be determined by imposing the boundary and initial conditions.
The scattering coefficients c n TE and c n TM can be determined by imposing boundary conditions on the core/shell interface and the NW surface [25, 27].
In this method, a homotopy is constructed for the equation.The initial approximations can be freely chosen with possible unknown constants which can be determined by imposing the boundary and initial conditions.
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The acoustic modes are determined by imposing onto the flow a time-dependent excitation at several locations on the boundary.
Assuming plug flow conditions, the rate constants are computed by matching theoretical and experimental results and their temperature dependence is determined by imposing an Arrhenius-type rate law.
Rather than working with this three-field formulation, fluxes are modeled using finite difference expressions and then the traces are determined by imposing continuity of fluxes, although other strategies could be devised.
In the second procedure, length changes are assigned only to a minimum number of control elements, while the remaining length changes are determined by imposing a sufficient and minimal number of constraints.
The size of the cohesive zone, which is determined by imposing the finiteness of the contact stresses at the frontier with the bonded region, depends upon the length and height of the joint.
The elastic stress and strain fields and effective elasticity of periodic composite materials are determined by imposing a periodic eigenstrain on a homogeneous solid, which is constrained to be equivalent to the heterogeneous composite material through the imposition of a consistency condition.
The result will be determined by how strongly Labour imposes its three-line whip and how many Tory MPs choose to abstain.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com