A cause could be described in various ways, some of which will involve the effect: consider "the cause of the fire caused the fire".
Assessment of the directivity of a moving source is generally a complex problem because directivity functions may be described in various co-ordinate systems: fixed to the aircraft, fixed to the flight track or to the ground.
This term refers to the spatial movement of a phylogenetic species, which can be described in various ways (Holmes lists 5), two of which are the gravity model and the strong spatial subdivision model.
In a large corpus, the same relation can be described in various different forms and, in practice, correctly identifying not all but a small subset of them would often suffice to detect the given interaction.
The limit could be described in various kinds of variables: a continuous time Markov chain, a deterministic model given by a system of ordinary differential equations, or a hybrid model with both discrete and continuous variables.
Disaster risk is generated by the conjunction of a hazard potential (such as an earthquake), a vulnerable community or nation (which may be described in various terms including poverty, inequitable access to resources and services, gender, disability, ethnicity and faith) and capacity (which is often taken to be the converse of vulnerability).
