In CDM, damage is described by introducing internal state variables (D ij ) into an algorithm of continuum mechanics to represent micro defects in a damage process in the material.
In the model, stochastic stress process is interpreted by the random distribution of stress amplitude and cycles at given amplitude, and randomness of fatigue resistance of material is described by introducing a random variable of single cycle fatigue damage.
The whole system is divided into two separately formulated substructures, the track and the ground, and the rail is described by introducing the Green function for an infinitely long Euler beam subjected to the action of moving axle loads of the train and the reactions of the sleeper.
We show that colluvium accumulation in small areas cannot be described by linear models and thus introduce non-linear models.
This discrepancy cannot be described by the well-known elastic modulus equation introduced by Gibson and Ashby for foam materials.
As a linear map, it can be described by a matrix, once a basis is introduced on H p ( G ). Remark We can focus on graph automorphisms because the image im ( T ) is T-invariant and T restricted to the attractor im ( T n ) for sufficiently large n is an automorphism.
Linear features are described by adopting the recently introduced M-Space representation, which provides a unified framework for the parameterization of different kinds of features.
This collapse is described by a link element which is introduced between column and beam.
To do so we assume that individual preferences over consumption and medical expenditure are described by the utility function that we have introduced in Sect.
The benefits of introducing audits of cancer diagnosis in primary care in Scotland are described by Baughan et al (2009).
