However, the relationship between the age and the evolutionary rate can be described by a vertically translated exponential decay curve, where the short-term (< 1 2 Myr) mutation rate gets exponentially higher, while the long-term (> 10 Myr) substitution rate is constant.
The relationships among organisms are then compositions of coexisting evolutionary pathway-dependent rRNA similarities and dissimilarities, which cannot be described by a single hierarchy.
These findings make it clear that the evolutionary processes underlying therapeutic resistance and relapse are complex and cannot be described by any simple generalization.
The microstructural changes are described by an evolutionary model, leading from the initial grain size of 15 μm to the final submicronic (sub) grain size.
In the paper a single-locus sexual population is considered, where the phenotypic selection process is described by an evolutionary game.
We compared the accuracy with which the naturally occurring HA phylogeny was described by an evolutionary model based on the experimentally measured amino-acid preferences vs several standard codon-substitution models.
This intellectual watershed, known as the evolutionary synthesis, has been described by Dr. Stephen Jay Gould, evolutionary biologist at Harvard University, as "one of the half-dozen major scientific achievements in our century".
Most evolutionary models are described by a Markov process over the tree, that is, conditional rates of change at two diverging sequences depend only on the current state and are independent of the previous sates ([ 8], chapter 8.2).
Suppose we are provided with a set of aligned sequences from M species, whose evolutionary relationship is described by a phylogenetic tree 𝒯=, specified by a collection of nodes 𝒩 and edges ℰ. Assume 𝒯 is a rooted binary tree, in which case the tree contains N=2 M−1 nodes with M−1 being internal (corresponding to ancestral species) and not directly observable.
Evolutionary history is described by a tree T= V, E) which is a combinatorial object composed of nodes representing (extant and extinct) species, and edges connecting these nodes such that there are no cycles in T. The edges are directed from an ancestor to its descendant nodes and also correspond to the time period between the respective nodes.
