The two levels of selection can oppose each other (Williams, 1966; Wilson, 1975; Hamilton, 1975; Traulsen et al., 2005).We note in passing that the underlying population structure cannot be described by evolution on a fixed graph (Nowak and May, 1992; Lieberman et al., 2005; Ohtsuki et al., 2006, 2007b; Taylor et al., 2007).
A continuous-time feedback controller design methodology is developed for distributed processes, whose dynamic behavior can be described by microscopic evolution rules.
However, changes in mutational robustness can be described by envisioning evolution as occurring on neutral networks, or sets of functionally equivalent proteins that are connected by single mutational steps [ 14- 17].
The TA-states can be represented by their cluster-size distribution that form the basis of kinetic theory of nucleation, and the shortening of the ACT time upon a stimulus pulse may be described by their evolution.
As shown in Fig. 3a, the NSP decreases due to the applied strain, which should be described by the evolution equation for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$x$$\end{document} x.
For health professionals, this environment could be described by a constant technological evolution, a growing search for patient-focused care, and empowerment of citizens, particularly in terms of health knowledge [ 28].
The foam endurance results obtained from foam analysis can be described by four periods of foam evolution.
Following this stage of inflation, Linde explained, the "inflaton field" decayed, the universe became hot and its subsequent evolution can be described by the big bang theory.
Following this inflation, Linde explained, the "inflaton field" decayed, the universe became hot and its subsequent evolution can be described by the big bang theory.
This evolution may be described by the following equation: (3).
In discrete time, the temperature evolution can be described by T_{{t + 1}} = aT_{t} + bm_{t} + (1 - alpha )T_{{text{a}}} + w_{t} (3)where (a=e^{-mathrm {Delta }{t}/ RC }); (b= a-1) eta R P_{text {n}}); (mathrm {Delta }{t}) is the discretization time step; (m_t in {0,1}) is the on/off state.
