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Polygenic risk scores can be derived from measures of poly substance use, and these can then be used in MR designs.
Temperament or behaviour, ease of handling and milkability are examples of traits that could be derived from measures routinely recorded in AMS.
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In addition, degree of consensus can be derived from measuring the spread of responses by looking at the inter-quartile range (IQR), generated by taking the difference between the 25th and 75th percentiles where larger IQR indicates greater divergence in opinion.
Second, a lifetime mental health phenotype was derived from measures in adolescence and adulthood, which is more robust and less prone to measurement error than information at a single time point, and which more accurately captures the population heterogeneity of symptom profiles over the life course.
Our measures of ER and GR are derived from measures of variation in levels of gene expression across 15 different stressors in a total of 35 environments [ER, 30], and across a set of 167 non-lethal knockout mutations [GR, 31].
A variable was derived from measures of disc height and osteophytes obtained from lateral images on MR, CT scan or plain radiograph.
Secondly, the scores reported were derived from measures obtained with a self-reported instrument that have not been complemented with observational measurements.
Arm muscle area and arm fat area in cm were derived from measures of triceps skinfold thickness and mid-upper arm circumference using formulas according to Frisancho (1990).
Protocol-specific scales were derived from measures used in other cancer genetics studies (Hopwood et al, 1998; Watson et al, 1998).
These scores were derived from measures of overcrowding, male unemployment, households without a car and low social class at each Census (1991 and 2001).
Values of AUC, which range from 0.5 (no different from random) to 1 (a perfect model), are derived from measures of sensitivity (absence of omission error) and specificity (absence of commission error).
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