However, cellulose and hemicellulose, two major sugar polymers of lignocelluloses, have to be depolymerized by hydrolysis to enable more efficient microbial utilization.
Lignin can be depolymerized by thermochemical methods such as pyrolysis (thermolysis), chemical oxidation, hydrogenolysis, gasification, and hydrolysis under supercritical conditions [ 10].
Chitin was depolymerized by gamma irradiation to improve its solubility.
The phosphorus network is depolymerized by the content of vanadium oxide, but phosphorus ions always contribute to the glass network, interposing to vanadium polyhedra.
When microtubules are depolymerized by nocodazole treatment, the peripheral tubular ER network retracts towards the center of the cell, yielding an ER made up of mostly sheets (Terasaki et al., 1986).
Soft drinks poly ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles were depolymerized by glycolysis with different molar ratio of glycol, such as propylene glycol (PG), triethylene glycol (TEG) and poly ethylene glycol) (PEG 400), in the presence of a zinc acetate catalyst.
For example, actin filaments and microtubules of tobacco cells are depolymerized by low temperature, and are repolymerized during recovery from cold stress [32].
The microtubule cytoskeleton was depolymerized by treating egg chambers with colcemid or colchicine (Sigma).
Microtubules were depolymerized by incubation for 20 min on ice, before a second cycle of polymerization.
A similar effect was observed when actin was depolymerized by cytochalasin E or D (Additional file 9).
