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Although the exact cause has yet to be defined, the intervertebral disk and its age-related changes have been most frequently implicated.
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Postoperative bony union was defined as intervertebral bony bridges observed on follow-up radiographs taken post-operatively and at 3 months, 9 months, one year, and two years postoperatively.
Segmental lumbar motion was defined as the difference between the intervertebral angles measured from the resting and the end-range images.
Intervertebral fusion was defined by the presence of an intervertebral bone bridge on both sides (positive or score 2), on one side, right or left (intermediate or score 1), or no bridging (negative or score 0).
The diameter of the cervical nerve root was defined as the vertical length of the root at the outlet of the intervertebral foramen.
Lumbar segmental motion in the sagittal plane was quantified by measuring the intervertebral angle which was defined as the angle formed by lines delineating adjacent vertebral endplates [ 27].
The term intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) [ 1] can be used to summarise mechanisms by which a degenerating disc can cause pain and neurologic deficits, and it is defined as a localised displacement of the intervertebral disc beyond the normal anatomic limits of the disc [ 2].
Cervical degenerative disc disease is defined as complaints due to degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc and the intervertebral disc space.
New parameters allowing analysing the distribution of the signal intensity within the nucleus zone of the lumbar intervertebral disc were defined and quantified.
Intervertebral disc protrusion was defined by dorsal protrusion of the annulus fibrosus causing spinal cord compression.
The main outcome variables were defined as patients hospitalised with the main diagnosis of 1) lumbar and other intervertebral disc disorders with radiculopathy (lumbar disc disorder), and 2) unspecified LBP.
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