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This is relevant to model evaluation also, and implies that median ensemble projections presented in the present and other similar studies24,25 should not be deemed incorrect if the true change is within the regional range of internal variability.
This first attempt to validate a review of reasons leads to four crucial methodological questions relevant to the future conduct of such validation studies: 1) How can a description of a reason be deemed incorrect?
As the validation process checks the understanding of the reviewer (= coding) against the understanding of the author (= quotation), there are two overriding groups of sources for a coding to be deemed incorrect: methodological or hermeneutical failures/hindrances of the reviewers, and failures/hindrances of the author(s).
The low response rate, the validation of only a subset of the quotations and the fact that 21 (21%) of our codings for quotations were described as being somewhat incorrect raises at least four open questions that are relevant not only to the particular review of reasons assessed in this study, but also to further similar studies: 1) What are the reasons for a coding to be deemed incorrect?
Similar(56)
Those that are sympathetic are deemed to be correct; those in conflict are deemed incorrect.
Words that were deemed incorrect by the strict standard were interpreted by an experimenter blind to condition, who allowed for minor misspellings, confusion of plural and singular, and the use of synonyms.
Despite having a total that his competitors cannot reach in Final Jeopardy!, Cliff risks all of his winnings on the final clue, which is revealed to be "Archibald Leach, Bernard Schwartz and Lucille LeSueur"; Cliff's response, "Who are three people who've never been in my kitchen?", is deemed incorrect, and he leaves with no money.
*Taken as incorrect when at least one coding in the chart was deemed incorrect.
**Taken as incorrect when at least one coding concerning the quotation was deemed incorrect.
This finding has to be contrasted with the proportion of quotations that were deemed incorrect.
All other rubric categories were deemed incorrect reasoning for taxa relatedness.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com