During the course of the study, insulin doses were kept constant to allow direct comparisons of A1C to be made between treatment arms.
The room temperature was set at about 23 °C and the temperature decreasing range up to the subcooling temperature was set constant to allow a repeatable and identical cooling of the thermoelectric elements between the different tests.
The overall 'force of transmission' (βm+βf) is held constant to allow comparison with the unbiased case (βm = βf).
Green channel settings were kept constant to allow for quantitative comparison.
In our simulations, by repeating the values of all covariates in the model in years after the first year, the distribution of the pollution variable and the covariance between pollution and other variables in the model were held constant to allow a 'pure' comparison of the effect of the two dimensions of sample size.
The resulting log ratio was multiplied by a fixed constant to allow a maximum score of 10 for S3.
Radiation-use efficiency was either assumed to be constant or allowed to vary linearly with the photochemical reflectance index (PRI), a measure of xanthophyll cycle pigment activity.
The effective population sizes of the ancestral gorilla population (Nancestral) and western lowland gorillas (Nwestern) after the divergence of the Cross River population are assumed to be constant but are allowed to be different.
The generality of the main results above (which require that (f"_{a}) and (f"_{b}) be constant) allows us to investigate a range of different models of firing rate dynamics even if we do not have an explicit expression for the rate distribution P.
The organ uptake in percentage of injected dose multiplied by the body weight in kilograms is assumed to be constant across species, allowing for the calculation of equivalent organ activities in humans from animal data.
