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In natural antagonistic systems such as host-parasite, plant-herbivore, and predator-prey systems (hereafter called 'host-enemy'), enemies may frequently be confronted with hosts expressing novel defenses.
Endoparasites are confronted with host defenses at multiple levels: physical barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immune responses need to be overcome in order to successfully establish an infection and proliferate inside a host.
This is because the ideal experiment uses a "time-shift" such that host and parasite genotypes from the present day can be confronted with parasite or host genotypes from the past and future (Gandon et al. 2008; Gaba and Ebert 2009).
JEFFREY TOOBIN: Kagan will certainly be confronted with those comments.
Now firms will once again be confronted with this choice.
What a thing to be confronted with. .
They should be confronted with the complaint.
COPD patients may be confronted with acute life-threatening exacerbations.
And none of my children will be confronted with that.
The same month that she realized she would be having her baby, she was confronted with a host of financial hurdles.
Given that older persons are confronted with a host of complex, often risky, and very influential decisions just at a time when many face the ravages of cognitive decline, the association of cognition with risk aversion may have important implications for improving financial and health decision-making, health behaviors, and ultimately well being among older persons.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com