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In threshold based approach for species identification, the major concerns are the variation in the rate to fix a threshold and that a single locus threshold can be confounded by introgression or selection [38], [39].
However, the ITS2 is broadly perceived to be insufficiently conserved or to be confounded by introgression or biparental inheritance patterns, precluding its broad use in phylogenetic reconstruction or as a DNA barcode.
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Multiple microsatellite loci designed from A. palmata [17] are also available for A. cervicornis; however, preliminary analyses of these loci indicate that they are confounded by introgression and homoplasy (Vollmer, pers. obs).
Osborne may well be confounded by his own hubris.
Studies of surgical outcomes can be confounded by operative complexity.
If not, the estimates will be confounded by omitted variables.
No longer will you be confounded by the spelling of Hari Kari and Toyota!
Measurements can be confounded by oedema.
Critics have been confounded by the flame.
Aarons is confounded by magazines today.
Climate scientists have long been confounded by clouds.
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