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Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide high resolution of mapped loci and a wide sampling of genetic variation, but can be confounded by false positive or negative associations due to population structure or overcorrection for population structure, and may fail to uncover rare allele effects [ 29, 30].
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The detection of PCa on T2W can be confounded by false-positive findings such as prostatitis, post-biopsy haemorrhage, benign prostatic hyperplasia, fibrosis, radiation and hormonal tissue changes [5, 6].
However, analysis of Oct4 expression is confounded by false-positive results due to Oct4 pseudogenes or non-pluripotency-related, non-nuclear OCT4B isoforms, explaining contradictory reports on Oct4 expression in several somatic stem cell populations [ 5].
Genetic association studies in admixed populations can be confounded by population stratification in which false-positive disease associations arise due to ancestry differences in cases and controls.
Osborne may well be confounded by his own hubris.
No longer will you be confounded by the spelling of Hari Kari and Toyota!
If not, the estimates will be confounded by omitted variables.
There were an equal number of true/false items in the semantic condition (50% of each), and of physical/personality traits in both person conditions (27% physical, 73% personality-related) so that results would not be confounded by this effect.
Measurements can be confounded by oedema.
Furthermore, the colorimetric methods used to evaluate ROS production and damage are confounded by interactions between nC 60 and the reagents, yielding false positives.
Critics have been confounded by the flame.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com