Exact(1)
Associations between environmental noise and cardiovascular outcomes may be confounded by concurrent air pollution exposure.
Similar(59)
These studies were confounded by concurrent, high-dose glucocorticosteroid therapy.
While initial reports of antepartum renal biopsies were associated with high rates of bleeding complications [ 18], this was confounded by concurrent hypertension and preeclampsia, conditions in which a bleeding complication is well recognized [ 19].
There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity among workers; the few existing studies have been confounded by concurrent exposures to known carcinogens, (e.g., tobacco smoke or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) [ 52].
Evaluating the impact of the introduction of MDT working is confounded by concurrent changes including increased specialisation of the cancer workforce, greater adherence to evidence-based guidelines and more effective treatments (Taylor et al, 2010).
However, we do not find a subjective expert opinion-based interpretation of EFA on the symptoms that may have been confounded by concurrent illnesses can dispute the TCM theory on Kidney deficiency and the menopause.
Although the efficacy of bevacizumab-based therapy might be confounded by the concurrent intrathecal methotrexate therapy administered in this study, the observation that one patient was responsive to BEEP rechallenge while disease progressed under maintenance intrathecal methotrexate therapy provides evidence that BEEP can benefit leptomeningeal carcinomatosis patients (Table 3, Patient 1).
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If not, the estimates will be confounded by omitted variables.
Studies of surgical outcomes can be confounded by operative complexity.
First, an observed association could be confounded by time window.
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