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Automated analysis can also be confounded by artifacts within the plate, dust particles, precipitates, or fluorescent small molecules.
More studies are needed to demonstrate robust and high image quality in prospectively undersampled CS-accelerated scans of the challenging anatomy characteristic of many clinical trial protocols, such as body imaging, low-contrast anatomy, and targets likely to be confounded by artifacts such as motion.
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If ME is not tenable, then researchers cannot validly conclude that differences between groups correspond to true population differences because they will be confounded by measurement artifact.
In cases where an instrument lacks this property, for instance when study participants may have different frames of references to respond to questions about their health, [ 41, 42] between‐group differences may be confounded by measurement artifact and thus not reflect true differences in the population.
Since phase-locking between scalp electrodes can be confounded by volume conduction artifacts, it is essential to know that intracranial EEG recordings from human cortex have demonstrated the physiological plausibility of phase-synchrony.
We focused on exon skipping because the alignment evidence for these events is usually clear and unambiguous, and less likely to be confounded by alignment or assembly artifacts.
Besides the fact that the acquired data might be confounded by several factors such as respiratory, pulsatile, or cardiovascular artifacts [ 4, 5], shortcomings of postprocessing are assumed to influence the shape of the BOLD response [ 6].
Since ME and MP are more likely to be confounded by rate heterogeneity, we would guess that the placement of Welwitschia in these trees is an artifact.
Osborne may well be confounded by his own hubris.
Studies of surgical outcomes can be confounded by operative complexity.
If not, the estimates will be confounded by omitted variables.
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