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This bias was credibly challenged only in 1975, when Robert Ader, a psychologist at the University of Rochester, was trying to learn if rats could be conditioned to associate nausea with saccharin.
Men rate women wearing red clothing as being more interested in sex, hinting that humans may be conditioned to associate the color with fertility.
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Using an olfactory conditioning paradigm for PER, honeybees were conditioned to associate an odor with either a sucrose-quinine solution or a sucrose-amygdalin solution by first touching the antenna with 1.0 M sucrose and then presenting the sucrose-toxin solution to the proboscis.
First, if Tiddles has been conditioned to associate taking pills with improved health then it is conceivable that there is a placebo effect.
Like Pavlov's dogs, the subjects in the study were conditioned to associate a neutral stimulus -- in this case, abstract images presented on a computer screen -- with food.
LeDoux's team reported that when rats were conditioned to associate a particular sound with mild electric shocks, so that they showed a "freezing" fear response when they heard the sound subsequently, this association could be broken by infusing the animals' amygdala with a drug called anisomycin.
Specifically, rats were conditioned to associate a placebo manipulation with the analgesic effect of 1 mg/kg morphine (subcutaneously) on facial thermal pain.
The relationship between sound and silence is also taken advantage of in the way the audience is conditioned to associate the shark with its theme, which is exploited toward the film's climax when the shark suddenly appears with no musical introduction.
In this test, mice were conditioned to associate an auditory cue or environmental contexts with a foot shock.
Rats were conditioned to associate a tone with a painful electric foot shock; when the tone was played in the absence of the foot shock, the rats still displayed a fear response.
Elaine Petrof, an infectious-disease specialist at Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital in Ontario, says doctors in her specialty are often conditioned to associate infections with germs that must be eliminated.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com