Overall, ID card policy depends on each country's institutional specificities, but some trends are common across countries.
We quantify these channels using four decades of harmonized cross-country and industry data, where we measure automation as industry-level movements in total factor productivity (TFP) that are common across countries.
We find three qualitative patterns, which are common across countries.
Suffice it here to say that the decreased count slightly increased concentration pattern is common across countries and is not an artefact of which countries participated in which sweeps.
The regressions account for macro-economic changes that are common across countries through the inclusion of year-fixed effects and country-specific seasonality profiles through the inclusion of quarter-times-country dummies.
On the right-hand side, we control for country-specific heterogeneity ( α i ), the country-specific time trend (t) and its associated coefficient (φ i ), and time-variant shocks that are common across countries ( θ t ).
With only one type of workers the constant term in the human capital composite (from the Mincer regression for the US) is common across countries, and we ignore it as it is irrelevant for the variance of log output in the "factor only model".
International comparisons facilitate the identification of factors that are common across countries or country-specific, highlight where improvement is possible and guide policymaking nationally and internationally.
Gender differences in specialty choice and preference in medical students and doctors are common across countries [ 5, 6, 8, 11, 12].
Obstacles to treatment adherence, are common across countries, and seem to be related less to issues of the health-care system and more to patient's knowledge about diabetes, beliefs and attitudes and the relationship with health-care professionals [ 14].
