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Carotenoids can also be cleaved to form apocarotenoids.
Y RNAs are small cytoplasmic non-coding RNAs that can be cleaved to form smaller RNAs independently of the microRNA pathway [ 29].
Purified oleic acid is also a valuable industrial chemical feedstock, and can be cleaved to form derivatives such as azelaic acid that can be used in the formulation of a range of industrial products and polymers [ 5- 7].
These include genes involved in antiangiogenic processes, such as thrombospondin 2 (THBS2) and the collagens COL18A1 and COL4A2, which can be cleaved to form endostatin and canstatin, respectively [ 37].
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During complement activation, C3 is cleaved to form C3a and C3b; when C3 is cleaved faster than it can be replaced, the levels of intact C3 decay.
Vitamin A, first presenting as the precursor beta-carotene, is cleaved to form retinol, which is then recombined with fatty acids before entering the chylomicron.
Some goitrogens (e.g., thiocyanates) reduce or inhibit the uptake of iodide; others (e.g., thiourea, thiouracil) inhibit the peroxidase system and thus prevent the binding of iodine to thyroglobulin (a large protein that is cleaved to form the thyroid hormones and that is stored within the follicles of the thyroid gland).
In the second, consecutive step the proton is shuttled to the oxygenygen and the nucleotide is being cleaved to form the product state.
Degradation is defined as the "chain-scission process, during which polymer chains are cleaved to form oligomers and, finally, to form monomers", whereas erosion "designates the loss of material owing to monomers and oligomers leaving the polymer" (Göpferich 1996).
During autophagy LC3 is cleaved to form LC3I and LC3II, whereas p62/SQSTM1 binds to LC3 and is degraded [23].
[9] Thus the normal gene, herein referred to as Xpcl1, apparently produces a primary transcript that is cleaved to form component pre-miRNA hairpins, as well as the flanking ESTs.
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