Over the range of conditions examined in these batch experiments, the reaction kinetics could be characterized by surface-area-normalized rate constants that were pseudo-first order for CCl4 disappearance (kCCl4), and zero order for the appearance of dissolved Fe2+ (kFe2+).
The GPESMAC was characterized by surface analytical methods including SEM and AFM.
Structural and electronic changes were characterized by surface analysis techniques.
Sediment characteristics were determined and soil profiles were characterized by surface wave methods at different locations.
The system is characterized by surface plasmon resonance, quartz crystal microbalance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Once adsorbed to air/water interface, BLG formed a viscoelastic surface film which was characterized by surface shear rheology.
The obtained dispersions were characterized by surface tension, viscosity, pH, turbidity, and conductivity.
The supports were characterized by surface area, pore size distribution, and X-ray diffraction.
The catalysts were characterized by surface area and pore size distribution.
The polymerization from the surface was characterized by surface analytical methods including AFM, XPS, and contact angle measurements [10, 11, 12, 13, 14].
The AuNPs were characterized by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies.
