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The Frankfurter Allgemeine's claims have been contradicted by state broadcaster ZDF, also using anonymous security officials as their source, who said they could not be certain whether a German terror group existed, The Guardian reports.
"It can take up to 10 to 15 minutes for a sideline concussion assessment to be carried out," he went on and he believes that incidents at present are not being investigated for long enough to be certain whether a knock has or has not resulted in concussion.
Please note that the previous comparison does not prove causality: we cannot be certain whether a user L decided to follow S because she received a retweet of S.
The 'benefit' of a study or of the participation in the study is a measure that resists dichotomisation, so that it can be difficult to be certain whether a person does or does not benefit from research participation.
Expression patterns, functional annotation and animal models can provide important clues to pathogenicity in some cases, but without knowledge of the phenotypic effects of a copy number alteration in humans, one can rarely, if ever, be certain whether a novel gain or loss of a particular genomic region can produce ID or other birth defects.
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Hence, we cannot be certain whether any effect on a given variable could directly attributable to a given technique, e.g. whether graded tasks would influence only self-efficacy or whether self-efficacy would be influenced only by graded tasks.
As the grim narrative unfolds, it's hard to be certain whether that's a job description or a definition.
However, although the technique detects target proteins within 40 nm of each other, we cannot be certain whether this is a direct binding or if it requires other factors.
Moreover, the authors themselves do not appear to be certain whether there is a direct link between Sgo1 and condensin recruitment.
It is difficult to be certain whether this represents a genuine problem as only 6 studies reported pre-treatment DASH scores, although all showed comparatively low values.
With limited information on temporal aspects of cause and effect, one cannot be certain whether specific parameters are a consequence or a cause of psychological distress.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com