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Systemic pathology may be caused either through direct virus-mediated infection or by indirect mechanisms such as 'by-stander' apoptosis.
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BRCA1 gene inactivation is caused either through mutation or epigenetic silencing by promoter hypermethylation, in contrast to BRCA 2 gene where promoter hypermethylation does not significantly contribute to loss of function [ 4].
These are caused either through mutations introducing or eliminating uAUGs, resulting in a consequent decrease or increase in translation efficiency [ 13- 16], or by physiological changes which may affect the degree of repression by a particular uAUG [ 17] or may change splicing patterns of the 5' UTR to alter the number of uAUGs [ 6].
Fractures may be caused either by excessive force through the extensor mechanism or by a direct blow.
Since the WT strain grows to significantly higher numbers in the airways than the ΔPT strain after day 2 post-infection (Fig. 1B), the increased inflammatory response to infection by the WT strain may be caused either by high bacterial loads or through a more direct induction by PT (or possibly both).
The subsequent radiation might be caused either by peripheral extension from the point of origin to adjacent nerve fibres or nerve branches, or to central extension through the trigeminal nucleus caudalis.
These segregation problems could be caused either by a failure to bi-orient bivalents or by a failure to join homologous chromosomes through chiasmata.
This fungus is able to penetrate cacao trees through stem wounds that are caused either by insects (natural vectors) or through infected cutting tools [ 9].
These effects have been caused either directly by exposure to safety hazards and harmful agents, or indirectly through environmental degradation locally and regionally.
It is caused either by geological or man-made factors.
Firstly, it emphasises that the disturbance may be caused through changes on either side of the equilibrium (e.g. abnormally high generation of ROS or deficiencies in the antioxidant defences).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com