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This may be because interconversion of 2OG and isocitrate can be catalyzed by multiple isoforms of ICDH, and IDH.
The final step can actually be catalyzed by multiple aminotransferases, such as tyrB in Klebsiella [ 24], while mtnV, the aminotransferase in Bacillus subtilis, was found to be dispensable [ 25].
Such a generalized representation is useful due to the multiple-to-multiple property of metabolic reactions, i.e. multiple substrates can be catalyzed by multiple enzymes into multiple products [ 8, 17].
In general, the correspondences can be many-to-many for the reason that a vertex (e.g. representation of an enzyme) may catalyze different reactions in the pathway and may be catalyzed by multiple vertices as well.
However, the distribution is patchy, that is, NISE are scattered among different metabolic pathways, with not a single pathway identified in which all reactions would be catalyzed by multiple non-homologous isoforms.
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The biosynthesis of GG and GGA was catalyzed by multiple enzymes, including glucosylglycerol-phosphate synthase (GgpS), glucosylglycerol 3-phosphatase (GgpP), and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Ludwig and Bryant 2012).
In Drosophila, as in other organisms, H3-K9 methylatisn is associated with heterochromatin formation and gene silencing, and is catalyzed by multiple HKMTases including SU VAR 3-9 [24], dG9a [25] and dSETDB1 (also known as dmsetdb1 and egg) [26], [27], [28].
The uptake of K+ is catalyzed by multiple uptake systems [ 48].
These estimates may incorporate release mediated by liposome breakdown that is catalyzed by multiple mechanisms, including nonspecific uptake by macrophages.
Among these 391 reactions, 30% are catalyzed by multiple enzymes, indicating that enzyme redundancy is significantly used to avoid metabolic resilience in M. extorquens AM1.
Through gene cloning and enzyme activity study, Liu et al. [ 6] found that the conversion of furfural is catalyzed by multiple aldehyde reductases.
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