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Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) which are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the embryo, are capable of recapitulating some of the early events of embryogenesis and have been shown to be capable of differentiation into many adult cell types in vitro[2] [4].
However, while hPSCs are routinely shown to be capable of differentiation into a wide variety of cell types, there are reports of considerable variation among hPSCs in their response to specific in vitro differentiation protocols.
In vivo, Jarid2-null mouse embryos develop normally until E10.5 or beyond (Jung et al., 2005; Takeuchi et al., 2006), suggesting that Jarid2-null ESCs may be capable of differentiation but fail to do so in standard in vitro cultures.
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Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) represent a population of stem cells that are capable of differentiation into multiple lineages.
We isolated multipotent cells from the human term placenta that were capable of differentiation into cells of all three germ layers.
The subclones obtained after Cre recombination were capable of differentiation in vitro, in contrast to the parental, non-excised cells and formed germ-line competent chimeras in vivo.
The MSCs isolated from mTR−/− mice failed to differentiate into adipocytes and chondrocytes, even at early passages, whereas WT MSCs were capable of differentiation.
There have been several reports on the isolation of cells from muscle tissue that are capable of differentiation into a variety of cell types including neuron-like cells.
Most examples are already committed to villous trophoblast and only samples from very early gestation placenta are capable of differentiation to the extravillous lineage.
B10 immortalized human MSC line is capable of differentiation into fat, bone and cartilage and also into neurons and glial cells in vitro and in vivo.
These data show that hESC and phESC are similar in the undifferentiated state, and both cell types are capable of differentiation along neural lineages.
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