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The total financial cost cannot be calculated with certainty, but estimates suggest that Edward's castle building programme cost at least £80,000 – four times the total royal expenditure on castles between 1154 and 1189.
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In this respect, although the CIs were calculated with "transformed" (expected) values, theoretically these "transformed 95% CIs" must presumably have a similar level of certainty to that obtained by using real (observed) values.
The exact sample size required for a QL study is often not calculated with certainty at the start of a trial and is therefore often presented as a range.
Fig. 4 Fuzzy set arithmetic example demonstrates how two fuzzy sets with different degrees of certainty are calculated for the addition case.
An overall career exposure certainty score was calculated by weighting job-specific WEs by the number of years spent at each level of certainty.
Based on a population of 99 534 professional nurses registered with the South African Nurses Council, the minimum sample size was calculated at 367, at a 95% level of certainty and allowing for a margin of error of 5%.
The sample size for the quantitative component was calculated considering 68%% prevalence of CSA (5), 95%% certainty and 5%% of margin of error between population and sample with non response rate 10%%.
Sample size was calculated considering 50% prevalence of sexual abuse among boys, 95% certainty and 5% margin of error between population and sample with a non response rate (15%) and design effect of 2 for the multistage sampling.
In cases where the sample size was insufficient to calculate 99%-coverage tolerance intervals with 95% certainty, the certainty with which the range of the data covers at least 99% of the population was calculated.
The sample size was calculated by assuming a prevalence of khat use of 50%, with any particular outcome to be with a 5% margin of error and 95% confidence interval of certainty (alpha = 0.05) and 10% non-response.
The mean certainty of abuse and 95% confidence intervals for the expert sample were calculated (see Table 2).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com