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Response of unit initial condition can be calculated from Random Decrement (RD) signals, using matrix equations generated from multiple RD processes; this response also keeps a unique expression for a particular system.
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Fortunately, the major study area was located in regions 1 and 2, where the accuracy (around 75%%) was calculated from random sampling points.
After the statistics were estimated, p-values were calculated from random permutations (N. permutations = 500 with sample reshuffling), and adjusted to correct for Type I error derived from multiple testing using the false discovery rate (FDR) approach [ 17].
It should be recalled that because SL will be calculated from data containing random variation, the resulting SL will also be a quantity with random error.
According to Eq. (13), the variance of force σ F = Var(F ) can be calculated from the covariance matrix of Gaussian random vector δ l, cov(δ l ): cov(F ) = A −1cov(δ l )[(A −1 T], and σ F is the diagonal elements of the matrix cov(F ) [ 26].
The frequency of each genotype Gk at generation t is Pk,, which assuming random mating can be calculated from the allele distributions.
However, using RC in this way overestimates normal stability, and is a circular approach that violates the assumption that the RC value should be calculated from a distribution of repeated measures representing random measurement error only [ 23].
This latter quantity depends on initial conditions and/or random factors and cannot be calculated from eqs.(1) – (2) alone.
The average gloss value was calculated from ~10 random measurements, on both sides of each sheet.
The average fiber diameters and its distribution were calculated from the random fibers of a typical SEM image.
Even if the value was calculated from a random clustering (T = 0) it still provides a useful estimate.
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