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Once the luminosities of such nearer standard candles have been calibrated, the distance to a farther standard candle can be calculated from its calibrated luminosity and its actual measured intensity.
The NBO/T of a silicate melt and glass can be calculated from its bulk composition provided that the type and proportion of T-cations are known.
If the process follows second-order kinetics, then graph between t/q and t should be a straight line; q e and K 2 can be calculated from its slope and intercept, respectively (Abdel-Ghani and El-Chaghaby 2014).
According to the theorem of Leonov-Shiryayev [56], the r th-order cumulant of X can be calculated from its moments, using the following formulac[53, 57]: Cum r X = Cum X,..., X = ∑ - 1 k - 1 k - 1 !
This depends on the excess silicon in these layers and can be calculated from its composition as follows: text{SiO}_{x} rightarrow {frac{{x}}{2}} text{SiO}_{2} + left 1-{frac{x}{2}}right)text{Si}.
In a perfect TOF-PET system (TOF resolution (rightarrow )0, thus TOF kernel to a delta function), image reconstruction would become not necessary due to the fact that the exact (i.e., as exact as physics laws allow) position of any e + e − annihilation point can be calculated from its LOR coordinates and time difference information using the equation shown in Fig. 1.
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Genetic distances were calculated from ITS, LSU and β-tubulin sequences.
(Dell's per-PC profits are calculated from its total PC revenues and its consumer segment profits).
Since the speed of light is constant, knowing how far away such a "standard candle" is (calculated from its apparent brightness seen from Earth) is to know how long ago it exploded.
Crystalline morphologies were calculated from its crystal structure.
The concentration of MDA was calculated from its molar extinction coefficient 156 mM/cm.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com