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As a result, the integral operator for the 3-D layered media can be efficiently written as a sum of 2-D Hankel cylindrical integral operators, and the latter can be calculated by either a tree-code or a 2-D wideband fast multipole method in a fast manner.
In the case of Vipr2−/− mice, no discernable rhythm could be calculated by either best-fit line or chi-square analysis.
Standard errors can be calculated by either taking the standard error from the final regression in the algorithm or by using bootstrapping [ 24].
AXY and AYX, or their equivalent statistics Pr X > Y) and Pr(Y > X) can be calculated by either a parametric approach for continuous outcomes (Equation 1) via a theoretical distribution (e.g. Normal) or a non-parametric approach without any distributional assumptions via the Mann-Whitney U statistic.
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The pairing energy is calculated by either using a cut-off energy in the quasiparticle spectrum or the regularization scheme proposed by A. Bulgac and Y. Yu.
Pooled odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated by either fixed-effects model or random-effects model based on heterogeneity test.
The critical frequency of the F2 layer was calculated by either CCIR or URSI submodel, both of which are incorporated into IRI-2001.
Conventionally, the Band Diagrams for two-dimensional PhCs are calculated by either the plane wave expansion method (PWEM) or the finite element method (FEM).
Discharge (m3/s) was calculated by either beaker with timer (for TD sites with small discharge such as TD1, TD2, and TD3) or velocity area method at the sampling points (for stream sites and TD4) (velocity using FlowSens Single Axis Electromagnetic Flow Meter, Hydrometrie, Germany).
Statistical significance was calculated by either two-tailed unpaired Student t-test or ANOVA test as appropriate.
P values were calculated by either the Student's t test or the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test as appropriate.
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