Membrane proteins are unique, in that they can function properly only when they are bound to cellular membranes in a distinct manner.
Under physiological conditions, most MG is bound to cellular proteins as adducts formed with Lys, Arg, and Cys residues.
In the small intestine, LRAT esterifies retinol that is bound to cellular retinol binding protein II (CRBP-II).
The results also show that osmium complex 8 was bound to cellular DNA more efficiently than Ru complex following 6 h treatment (139.5 ±9.4) vs. 63.4(±1.8) pg metal μg−1 DNA, respectively).
In organisms with cytochrome c- independent apoptosome formation, Apaf-1 molecules are prevented from oligomerization by being bound to some cellular partners and being released only in response to an apoptotic signal, see [ 11 ] for a review.
In the cytoplasm vitamin A and derivatives are bound to cytoplasmic proteins: cellular retinol binding proteins (CRBPs) which comprised four isoforms, CRBP-1 and CRBP-2 and CRBP-3 and CRBP-4.
(2) The rapid functional up-regulation of NKCC1, shown to take place in response to neonatal hypoxia-ischemia, 34 hypoxia-induced neonatal seizures, 35 as well as hypoxic-ischemic and mechanical cellular trauma, 36, 37 is bound to cause an additional cellular Cl− load that would render GABAergic inhibition less effective, if not frankly excitatory.
Depletion of VEGF molecules occurs if the cell surface receptor (VEGFR1, VEGFR2 or NRP1) that VEGF is bound to is internalized into the cellular membrane.
Examination of the Ubx-bound genes in more detail (Supplementary Table S5) reveals that Ubx is bound to genes involved in many different cellular pathways that execute a wide variety of functions.
A previous report hypothesized that all of the cellular ORC was bound to DNA in S. cerevisiae (27).
