However, this method requires several iterations and has also been shown to have a communication cost and completion time of O N2) for convergence in grids or random geometric graphs, where connectivity is based on locality [25].
There is considerable debate on the reliability of the subspecific status so identified [ 11, 13, 14], since morphological characters are readily influenced by regional climatic and habitat variation, and identification of subspecies has often been based on locality rather than critical examination of specimens [ 5].
Explicit models can be based on species locality data and a raster representing various environmental, mainly climatic, variables (bioclimatic modelling).
Data deduplication schemes are based on either locality or similarity of data in the cluster.
Both kind of hints are based on the locality of the instruction, measured by the reuse distance metric.
The Laplacianfaces algorithm is based on the locality preserving projection (LPP) algorithm, which aims at finding a linear approximation to the eigenfunctions of the Laplace Beltrami operator on the face manifold.
Inspired by the work of Wang et al. [7] in which encoding of features is based on the locality in the feature space, we adapt the original sparse coding to the weighted sparse coding as follows to enforce both sparsity and locality: min V, U ∥ X - V U ∥ 2 + λ ∥ W U ∥ 1 s.t.
Even though that this study is based on two localities with a limited sample size, the results are significant and indicate that the current increase in temperature is already having an impact on the Arctic populations.
Models were based on all available localities (i.e. 9 in western Costa Rica for the northern group; 21 in eastern Costa Rica and Panama for the southern group) except in tests of model performance.
Previous analyses suggested that both taxa are reproductively isolated, but this conclusion was based on a single sympatric locality from the south part of the Gulf of Bothnia [ 17, 18].
