Much of the recent price escalation has been attributed to outbreaks of avian influenza this spring, which wiped out more than 42 million laying hens in the U.S. Midwest.
Three isolates from sporadic cases in 2009 and 2010 might be attributed to the outbreak because they fell into the outbreak clades A and E, suggesting that the outbreak strains might have been circulating before the outbreak.
Whole-genome sequencing identified additional isolates that could be attributed to the outbreak, but which differed from the outbreak-associated PFGE type.
In Darfur, the death count is not known, but Mr. Holmes estimated that up to 300,000 fatalities could be attributed to the outbreak of war.
The reversal in persistence patterns may be attributed to an outbreak of plague (Yersinia pestis) during the early 1990s, favoring isolated towns.
Additional cases could be attributed to the outbreak strain on the basis of whole-genome data.
Incidence of S. Paratyphi B dT+ has generally increased since 1998; the spike in S. Paratyphi B dT+ in the third and fourth quarters of 1999 can be attributed to an outbreak in British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan caused by contaminated alfalfa sprouts (7).
However, a study using the time lapse (developmental time) between two epidemics to determine whether an earlier epidemic was responsible for causing the subsequent outbreak showed that all subsequent outbreaks could not be attributed to previous outbreaks, thereby indicating the possibility of migrant populations being involved [ 19].
As in France, these increases cannot be attributed to foodborne outbreaks, and no increase has been observed in pregnancy-associated cases.
Overall, the models indicate that the seasonal variation by month in the proportion of diarrhea visits as reported by BioSense can be attributed to reported norovirus outbreak activity, with rotavirus also playing a role in the 0 4-year, >65-year, and all-ages groups.
