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Several studies have examined codon usage of plastid genes to attempt to determine if these biases can be attributed to nucleotide compositional bias, selection for translational efficiency, or a balance among mutational biases, natural selection, and genetic drift [ 49- 53].
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In the example of Figure 1, the differences between the three unit types are attributed to nucleotide substitutions.
In a study of tissue culture-induced variation in barley, the average level of variation was 6%, and about 1.7% were attributed to nucleotide mutations whereas the remainder were changes in methylation state [ 19].
The genotypic difference in haze formation could be attributed to different nucleotide sequence of BATI-CMb and BATI-CMd.
Thus, it is not yet clear if the activation of PpMYB10.4 gene could be attributed to single nucleotide mutation in promoter region.
Increased SBS frequencies could not be attributed to known Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP), catalogued somatic mutations or RNA-editing enzymes.
Because all of these changes could be attributed to a single nucleotide deletion, it was unclear whether this change was genuine or reflected an artifact in the deposited sequence.
It was sliced 21 nucleotides downstream the canonical cleavage site, which could be attributed to secondary siRNA in the 21-nucleotide register with the cleavage site for miRNAs, as reported by Ronemus and De Paola [ 46, 47].
Based on the in vitro characteristics growth-restoration in the yeast complementation assay by the three AtAPC isoforms [ 32] can be attributed to their capacity for net adenine nucleotide supply (complementation of Sal1p activity) and/or for energy provision (complementation of AAC activity).
Some cases were ambiguous because nucleotides could be attributed to either P- or N-region but also to the presence of more than one TRDD gene.
As previously reported in Arabidopsis, this can be attributed to secondary siRNA in the 21-nucleotide register with the cleavage site for miR393 [ 64].
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