The adiabatic heating of the high latitude stratosphere above the cloud, which is suggested by the temperature increase at high latitude (Crisp, 1989; Pätzold et al., 2007), and the increased CO mixing ratio in the high-latitude below the cloud layer (Collard et al., 1993; Tsang et al., 2008) are thought to be attributed to the downward branch of the cloud-level Hadley circulation.
The downward shift could be attributed to the lock-in effect, which has been identified in Chinese loess (Zhou and Shackleton 1999; Heslop et al. 2000; Spassov et al. 2003).
This should be attributed to the different flow intensity at the interface front under an upward/downward TMF.
Although, decomposition and downward migration to below 20 cm depth may contribute to the loss of BC from the surface soil, much can be attributed to lateral transfer through erosion.
Emissions can be attributed to different regions.
The observed uplift is followed by a sudden descend which is also 'apparent' and is attributed to the downward movement of the ionisation peak during sunrise.
With regard to interfacial carriers transfer process, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMPS) and ultra-violet photoemission spectra (UPS) provide evidence that the decreased recombination of Li-doped NiO DSSCs is attributed to the downward shift of valence band, which increases energy barrier of interface recombination.
The preferential growth of Ge QDs at the center of the pits was attributed to the fast downward diffusion of Ge dimers and accumulation of Ge atoms at the bottom of the pits.
We found that nearly vertical σ 2 axes are concentrated around the mainshock fault, which is attributed to aseismic slip in the downward extension of the mainshock fault, as pointed out by Yukutake et al. (2010).
The higher daily heave is attributed to the relative ease of downward seepage compared to the more energy intensive evaporation process causing settlement (van de Griend and Owe [1994]).
