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Former analyses reported an increased rate of poor direct laryngoscopy view in cardiac surgery patients; however, these findings frequently could be attributed to confounding patient characteristics.
This protective effect could not be attributed to confounding by other determinants.
These associations were monotonous, and unlikely to be attributed to confounding by the main factors known to influence birth weight.
We therefore focus on whether or not the findings could be attributed to confounding or information bias, and assess biological plausibility.
Ongoing neurodegeneration in these patients, which exceeded the extent found in normal controls, could be attributed to confounding pathologies such as Alzheimer's or vascular disease.
To ensure that none of our findings could be attributed to confounding due to cell type distribution, we removed of probes associating with cell types (which in fact showed very strong associations with case-control status; data not shown).
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Any association with DDE could have been attributed to confounding by such compounds.
Such observations make it very improbable that either the PCB or MeHg associations are attributed to confounding with Pb, or vice versa.
11 Referred to as the 'waiting time paradox', the lowest survival associated with the shortest delay has been attributed to confounding by indication (that is, patients in more advanced stages of the disease being prioritised for treatment).
A preliminary study based on physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of a meta-analysis of seven published epidemiology studies suggested that a portion of the association between PFOA and low birth weight was attributed to confounding by glomerular filtration rate (Verner et al. 2014).
The observed results cannot, therefore, be attributed to uncontrolled confounding factors associated to these specific breeds.
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