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Hair measures are subject to contamination; if the behavior of the "learning disabled" children leads to contamination, then the finding may be attributable to reverse causality.
Our analysis also shows an inverse association of child serum BDE-153, but not other pentaBDE congeners, with concurrent markers of body mass at age 7 years, though this may be attributable to reverse causality.
Nevertheless, longitudinal studies are warranted to examine whether such associations may be attributable to reverse causality; e.g., school officials may be more concerned about neighbourhood safety if they are aware that a large proportion of students walk or cycle to/from school.
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We examined the hypothesis that associations of POPs with diabetes are attributable to reverse causality that is, that metabolic changes related to diabetes slowed POP metabolism, resulting in differential metabolism rates by diabetes status.
The findings of an association of DDE with incident diabetes and the lack of effect of diabetes on annual percent change in POPs do not support the hypothesis that associations of POPs with diabetes are attributable to reverse causality.
We also examined the hypothesis that associations of POPs with diabetes are attributable to reverse causality that is, that metabolic changes related to diabetes slowed POP metabolism resulting in differential metabolism rates by diabetes status, by calculating annual percent change in POPs between 1994 and 2005 and comparing rates in participants with and without diabetes.
In the context of existing work, these results add to the suggestion that observational relations between l-ascorbic acid and cardiometabolic health may be attributable to confounding and reverse causation.
The higher rate of chimeras in cDNA-originated OR sequences could possibly be attributable to errors during the reverse transcription reaction.
However, a more recent study suggested that HDL-C is not a predictor of cancer risk in type 2 diabetes, and the inverse association of HDL-C and cancer risk may be attributable to confounding factors and reverse causation (11).
Some researchers have speculated that observed relationships between cholesterol levels and cancer might be attributable to cholesterol-lowering action of preclinical cancer (25), that is, to reverse causation.
These explanations may partly be attributable to these paradoxical findings, but the mechanism underlying this reverse relationship is not clearly understood.
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