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This latter finding confirmed earlier observations by Fabre et al. that bleomycin-induced fibrosis is associated with increased serotonin in the lung and can be attenuated by blockade of either 5-HT2A (by ketanserin) or 5-HT2B (by SB215505) [58].
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Leptin strongly stimulated new capillary formation, to an extent comparable to that of VEGF, and this was attenuated by blockade of VEGFR2 activity with SU4516 or by selective inhibition of COX-2 activity with NS398.
In order to address this hypothesis we further analyzed the effect of Cav-1 on intimal hyperplasia in Cav-1 null mice and whether an increased intimal hyperplasia response could be attenuated by MMP blockade.
We next investigated whether the enhancing effect of MAGL inhibitors on malonate-induced cell death may be attenuated by the blockade with the PGE2-G antagonist AGN220675 or by inhibiting COX-2 with celecoxib, which would provide further evidence of the role of 2-AG biotransformation in the effects investigated in this study.
Furthermore, the appetite stimulatory effect of another MC4R antagonist, JKC-363, has previously been shown to be attenuated by CB1 receptor blockade [22].
Some of these adverse effects could be attenuated by beta-adrenergic blockade, since this enables heart rate control [ 13] and limits adverse events related to sympathetic overstimulation [ 10].
Elevated levels of IL-17-producing CD4 T cells in the terminal ileum of these mice were observed compared with controls [ 52], although it is unclear whether the disease itself can be attenuated by IL-17 blockade.
Moreover, depletion of GFAP-positive astrocytes after forebrain stab injury lead to substantial neuronal degeneration that could be attenuated by chronic glutamate receptor blockade [ 8]; and finally, a primary loss of astrocytes followed by extensive demyelination was also observed after injection of human complement and NMO IgG into the murine cerebrum [ 35].
These changes can be attenuated by flunarizine.
Pulmonary inflammation was attenuated by pharmacological blockade or genetic removal of A3, suggesting a proinflammatory effect of A3.
More importantly, the MPTP-induced increase of phospho-NR2B was attenuated by the blockade or the knockout of σ1R.
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