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Two recent candidate gene studies together including almost 5000 smokers both found SNPs in nicotinic receptors including the chr15p25.1 nicotinic receptor loci to be associated with nicotine dependence [49], [50].
We applied our proposed method to a genetics study of four genes that were reported to be associated with nicotine dependence and found significant joint action between CHRNB4 and NTRK2.
We analyzed three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) known to be associated with nicotine addiction (rs16969968 and rs6495306 localized on CHRNA5 gene; rs578776 localized on CHRNA3 gene) in CH patients and in a control group consisting of 263 individuals that were comparable for age, smoking status and geographic origin.
27 Lastly, preliminary research shows hookah use may be associated with nicotine dependence and could be a gateway drug to cigarette smoking.
Recently, a whole genome association study by Bierut et al.[ 13] identified several common variants that appear to be associated with nicotine dependence in Caucasians.
We hypothesised that an explanation for non-compliance would lie in a measurable difference between the smoking behaviours of compliant and non-compliant smokers, specifically that non-compliance would be associated with nicotine dependence and different reasons for smoking.
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The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the habenula-IPN circuit are associated with nicotine dependence in mice and humans.
Our results provided confirmation of the previous findings that DRD2, DRD3, DDC, CHRNB3, GABBR2 and CHRNA4 are associated with nicotine dependence.
Reduced rsFC strength between the insula, dACC and striatum is associated with nicotine addiction severity in both non-psychiatrically ill and in SZ smokers.
In the chr15q25.1 region spanning the nicotinic receptors CHRNA3 and CHRNA5, we identified multiple SNPs associated with CPD (p<10−3), including rs1051730, which has been associated with nicotine dependence, smoking intensity and lung cancer risk.
Whether OPRM11 is associated with nicotine dependence is less clear.
More suggestions(13)
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