Our approach provides the first detailed findings and interpretations on altered cortical network topology in PMG related to abnormal cortical structure and brain function, and shows the potential for an individualized method to characterize network properties and alterations in connections that are associated with malformations of cortical development.
1 These tumors most commonly arise in the temporal lobe, mainly in the temporo-anterior-basal-mesial site. 2 A significant part of these neoplasms, particularly ganglioglioma (GG) and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT), is associated with malformations of cortical development, in particular focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) (30 80% of cases).
Use of cyclophosphamide during the first trimester, during organogenesis, has been associated with malformation [ 34, 35] and miscarriages [ 35].
Clinical experience and material testing finds horn of minor quality to be associated with the malformations.
A recent study found high levels of cadmium and mercury in bottlenose dolphins from South Australia, levels which were later found to be associated with kidney malformations, indicating possible health effects of high heavy metal concentrations in dolphins.
Dermoid sinus is an uncommon epithelial-lined fistula that may be associated with vertebral malformations.
In idiopathic CTEV the more common form the anomaly is isolated or may be associated with minor malformations.
Maternal hyperglycemia during the period of organogenesis is known to be associated with congenital malformations [ 39, 40].
Recently, F. mangiferae was found to be associated with mango malformation.
It can be associated with congenital malformation of one or many vertebraes, fracture and/or dislocation of the spine, leg length discrepancy, hormone imbalance, habitual poor posture or by pain and muscle spasms [ 2].
