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However, as Antonovics noted four decades ago [6], we should expect most ecological changes to be associated with evolutionary change.
In fact, when several LEE genes from strain RDEC-1 were compared to those from other AEEC, the variation appeared to be associated with evolutionary lineage and not host specificity [ 77].
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The latter position has been associated with evolutionary approaches to emotion (Plutchik, 2001), and research on universal recognition of emotional facial expressions (Ekman et al. 1969).
These different kinds of sexual dimorphism can be related to differences in aggressive capacities and differences in foraging strategies, both of which had been associated with evolutionary accounts of gender differences.
The nature of science (NOS) has long been associated with evolutionary theory in the science education literature (Kim and Nehm 2011; Nehm et al. 2009; Scharmann 1994; Rutledge and Warden 2000; Trani 2004) and is widely considered to be a necessary prerequisite to understanding evolution (e.g., Kennedy et al. 1998).
Ultimate causes in biology are associated with evolutionary explanations, the "making and changing of genetic programs" (Mayr 1993)—for example, the data suggest that divergent selection for utilizing alternative resources is the ultimate cause of adaptive radiations in crossbills (Benkman 2003).
In total, 94 (3.7%) of the nonredundant heteromeric subunit pairs were associated with evolutionary gene fusion events.
Our results supported the observation that FORS-D value was associated with evolutionary pressure [ 17, 19- 21].
We found that gains and losses of metabolic robustness were associated with evolutionary cycles of elaboration and stasis in expressed carotenoids in birds.
Furthermore, the presence of the Listeria pathogenicity island LIPI-3 operon encoding Listeriolysin S has been associated with evolutionary lineage I strains causing foodborne outbreaks [ 48].
These differences in clot strength due to platelet function were associated with evolutionary changes at two plasma proteins as measured with Jones-Taylor-Thorton amino acid distances (Table 1): thrombin (FII) and prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP).
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