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Here we design a linear estimator in such a way that the absorption of mRNA and protein can be approximated via known measurement outputs.
The geometric relationship between the anchor point and the sensor measurement can be approximated via spatial correlation even when a sensor does not directly observe an anchor point.
Heckman's method is based on available pre-sample information with which the conditional distribution of the initial values can be approximated via a reduced form.
The second term, the model error, can be approximated via Taylor series expansion: (17 where τ ε is the typical time scale of the error ε.
The HBIM allows for the temperature in the fluid and the particle to be approximated via simple polynomial expressions, and thus highlight the influence of the physical parameters in the model.
In systems where the magnetic field is not strongly time variant (i.e., ∂ B/∂ t=−∇×E∼0), the current density can be approximated via Ohm's Law, J∼σ U B where σ=(μ o η)−1 is electrical conductivity and η is magnetic diffusivity, such that Lambda_{i} = frac{B^{2}}{2 rho_{o} mu_{o} eta Omega}.
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For a new model transformation, the time-varying delay is approximated via an input output approach.
The cylinder-to-cylinder hydrodynamic interactions have been approximated via a simple cell model.
In Stage II, the high-fidelity response is approximated via a radial basis function (RBF), either alone or incorporating with the correction RS model from Stage I.
The method is then extended encompass cases where the functional gradients are approximated via meta-models, as it is often the case in complex situations, and demonstrated on three optimum-shape design problems in compressible aerodynamics.
For each case, the strain rate is approximated via a collocation method at zone quadrature points while the deviatoric stress is approximated using an L2 projection onto the thermodynamic basis.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com