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With MZ and DZ twin data, the marginal log likelihood involves a double integral (i.e. over A1 and A2), which can be approximated using multivariate Gauss-Hermite quadratures.
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This is in contrast to alternative techniques (e.g., the Extended Kalman filter; EKF) that approximate the models such that the uncertainty present can be approximated using a parametric probability density (a multivariate Gaussian in the case of an EKF).
Could also be approximated using market price of close substitute.
To accelerate their calculations, the topology is assumed to be known and the likelihood is approximated using a multivariate normal density.
Archetype maps were approximated using multiple regression approach.
Intangibles were approximated using health-related quality of life.
Tumour volumes were approximated using the formula width × length)/2.
Codon frequencies were approximated using the F3x4 calculation.
The reaction kinetics were approximated using canonical linlog kinetics.
is then approximated using (15).
The distribution is always approximated using 10,000 simulated pairs.
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